What is the difference between sugars starches and cellulose

These fibers may then be reorganized as paper, or they may be treated further chemically. If the chemical treatment merely causes the dissolution of the fiber into its component molecules, these molecules may be synthesized into artificial fibers or converted into cellulose plastics.

But if the molecules themselves are broken down, their component elements, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, may be recombined to form wood sugar. Thereafter the wood sugar may be transformed into yeast or alcohol and thus become available for food or as the raw material for numerous industrial products. Paper and Paper Industry. A very important use of cellulose is in the manufacture of paper, a very old industry.

However paper was first made in China. The first paper mill in the United States was in at Philadelphia. Raw Materials. The papermaking value of the various fibers depends on the amount, nature, softness and pliability of the cellulose present in the cell walls.

This cellulose may occur alone or in combination with lignin or pectin. Wood fibers, cotton and linen are the principal raw materials. Wood Fibers. Wood began being used in the paper industry from about Today wood has largely replaced the other fibers and furnishes over 90 percent of all the paper manufactured in the Untied States.

Spruce is a very important source of wood pulp and has furnished about 30 percent of the total supply. It is ideal because it has all the requirements of a good pulpwood.

The fibers are long and strong with a maximum content of cellulose. The wood is almost free from resins, gums and tannins; and it is light colored, sound and usually free from defects. Red spruce, Picea rubens , White spruce, P. The Southern yellow pine, Pinus australis , is another important pulpwood. The eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis , is a main species in the Lake States while the Western hemlock, T. Other species include Aspen , Populus grandidentata and P. Of lesser importance are Jack pine, Pinus banksiana , Tamarack, Larix laricina , White fir, Abies concolor , and several hardwoods among which are the Beech , Fagus grandifolia , Sugar maple, Acer saccharum , and Birch, Betula lutea.

Sawmill waste is also an increasingly valuable source of wood pulp. Cotton and Linen. Up to the middle of the 19th Century rags of cotton and linen were the only source of paper, and they are still used for making the finest grades.

Cotton fibers have a high felting power and a high cellulose content of about 91 percent. Rags and raw cotton in the form of fuzz or linters are utilized.

Flax fibers, that comprise linen, contain 82 percent of pectocellulose and yield a paper of great strength, closeness of texture and durability. Textile waste may also be used. In the preparation of rag pulp the material is sorted, cut into small pieces and freed from dust.

It is then boiled in caustic soda to remove the grease, dyes and other impurities and it is washed until perfectly clean. The resulting pulp is used directly in papermaking. Minor Paper Raw Materials. Esparto grass, Stipa tenacissima , is important in Great Britain. The plant is native to Northern Africa where it flourishes in dry, sandy and rocky coastal regions.

The tufted wiry stems are plucked and pressed into bales for shipment. Esparto is converted into pulp by heating in a caustic coda solution under pressure. Although the cellulose content is only 48 percent, the fiber has great flexibility and felting power. It yields an opaque, soft, light paper of uniform grade. The finest printing papers in England have been made from esparto, either entirely or in a mixture.

Another grass, Lygeum spartum , is also used. Textile Fibers. There are other textile fibers other than cotton and flax that have been used as sources for paper. The waste material of the jute and hemp industry, in the form of old ropes, sacking, sailcloth, etc.

Jute and jute butts were used mainly for wrapping paper, envelopes, cable insulation, while hemp, after bleaching, yielded ledger and bank-note paper. Manila hemp was an important source of envelopes and wrapping paper.

Ramie, sisal, sunn hemp, New Zealand hemp, coir and other fibers have been utilized. Paper Mulberry. The bast fibers of the paper mulberry are very strong and have been used in Japan for paper lanterns and umbrellas and as paper for writing. The fiber is scraped, soaked and beaten, after which it is mixed with mucilage and spread on frames to dry.

When treated with oil this paper becomes strong enough to serve as a substitute for leather or cloth. Paper Sources. There are many other sources for making paper than what has been noted previously. For example, stems of rye, barley, wheat, oats, rice and other grasses are used for low-grade paper, strawboard, pasteboard and cardboard. These plants have fibers with low cellulose content and are too short and small to have much tensile strength. Thus, they are mixed with other fibers.

Sugarcane bagasse, cornstalks, and waste paper have been developed as sources of paper. Banana fiber, tree bark, rushes, weeds, broomroot, licorice, cotton and tobacco stalks, beet pulp waste and peat have been used somewhat. Recycled paper is extensively used to make other paper products. In the Orient bamboo fiber is an important source of paper.

Rice paper of Japan and China is made principally from Tetrapanax papyriferum , Edgeworthia tomentosa or Wickstroemia canescens. Synthetic Fibers From Plant Products. Hill wrote that since the Middle Ages until modern time there have been many schemes to make artificial silk and other fabrics.

In Count de Chardonnet made the first artificial fiber, and a few years later the first artificial silk. Later factories were established for making the product. At the outset this new material was handicapped by its name for the public considered it only as an imitation or a substitute. This condition existed as late as Today it is understood that all the artificial fibers constitute entirely new products with valuable characteristics and properties of their own. The raw material of the rayon industry is high-polymer alpha cellulose, prepared in a pure form from wood pulp or cotton linters.

Purification is accomplished by the elimination of mechanical impurities through air separation and then cooking in a 3. This removes all the other organic substances. The pure cellulose fibers that remain are bleached, washed and dried. The next step is to dissolve the cellulose by various solvents thus rendering it sufficiently liquid so that it can be squirted in a fine jet. The streams are coagulated into fine, almost invisible filaments in different ways.

The solvents are removed and the filaments are caught up by revolving reels and twisted into threads suitable for spinning. The threads are washed, bleached and dried. In the viscose, nitrocellulosee, and euprammonium processes the final product is an almost pure cellulose fiber known as regenerated cellulose. This is chemically identical with the cellulose in cotton, but it differs in itss mechanical properties.

The product of the acetate process is a cellulose ester, cellulose acetate. This differs from regenerated cellulose in both its chemical and physical properties.

Cellulose Nitrate Products. Treatment with concentrated nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid causes cellulose to change into several types of cellulose nitrate. These differ according to which concentration of nitric acid was used and the consequent degree of nitration as well as the temperature and the duration of the action. The higher cellulose nitrates are called guncotton, or in error nitrocellulose.

The lower nitrates constitute pyroxylin, or collodion cotton. This is made from cotton linters during which process the cellulose is completely nitrated. It is used as an ingredient of many high explosives. Cordite, e. Guncotton is one of the safest of explosives to handle when properly manufactured.

A partial nitration of cellulose produces pyroxylin. This is carried out under different conditions from those, which result in the formation of guncotton. In modern photography the films often consist of pyroxylin coated with gelatin. It is used in the rayon industry.

However, its chief value is that it is soluble in a variety of solvents and yields many useful products, such as celluloid and other plastics, collodion, artificial fabrics and varnishes.

Cellulose Acetate Products. Industrial uses include as a substitute for cellulose nitrate in the film industry because it is not very flammable.

Resultant films are more brittle and expensive, however. It is also used for goggles, gas masks, automobile windows, artificial fabrics, index cards, airplane varnish, etc. Viscose Products. Cellophane is a viscose product. Forcing crude viscose through tiny slits rather than perforations makes this. It coagulates into a thin transparent film only one-thousandths of an inch in thickness.

Such viscose files are used for numerous poses even for sausage casings. Viscose fibers have replaced cotton in Welsbach mantles. Products of Cellulose Hydrolysis.

When cellulose is completely hydrolyzed in a process of saccharification this ultimately results in the conversion of the cellulose into wood sugar that in its turn yields alcohol and yeast.

It is a complement to the manufacture of paper pulp from wood. Under usual processes of pulp making one ton of wood is converted to one-half ton of pulp and enough wood sugar to yield gallons of alcohol.

Doubling the cooking time produces an edible starchy material that is an excellent cattle feed, and sufficient sugar to furnish 20 gal. Under a still longer cooking time all of the cellulose can be converted into sugar with an eventual production of gal. Regarding the kinds of wood sugar that are produced, conifers yield glucose, pentose, and mannose; hardwoods glucose and pentose.

These sugars are useful because they can be readily fermented. This industrial alcohol has a wide range of uses. Pentose sugars are not fermentable into alcohol, but they can be converted, through the activity of a bacterium, Torulopsis utilis , into Torula yeast, and edible substance with a 50 percent protein content.

One ton of pulp will yield from lbs. Cellulose hydrolysis can play an increasing role in a well-organized system of forest utilization as it eliminates much of the waste. Small pieces of wood, chips, sawdust, wood flour and sawmill waste can all be used effectively. Many tropical plants have seeds that are very thick, hard and have heavy walls consisting of hemicellulose. This is a modification of ordinary cellulose and constitutes a supply of reserve food for the plant. In young seeds the endosperm consists of a milky juice, but as the seeds mature this fluid is replaced by the harder material.

However, it does provide vegetable ivory of commerce. Vegetable Ivory. The Ivory-nut or Tagua Palm, Phytelephas macrocarpa , of the Neotropics is the main source of vegetable ivory. The palm is a low-growing tree typically on riverbanks from Panama to Peru. The drupes like fruits have from bony seeds with a thin brown layer on the outside and a very hard and durable endosperm. The natives collect the seeds that are shipped to Europe and the United States.

Ecuador is the main exporter. This ivory may be carved and shaped into various objects, so it serves as a substitute for true ivory in the manufacture of buttons, poker chips, knobs, chessmen, dice, inlays, etc. Several species of palms in Africa and Polynesia and Neotropical America have seeds of similar constituency. With the exception of Metroxylon amicarum of the Caroline Islands, these are not important in commerce.

Sugars Glucose Sugar This sugar is also known as dextrose or grape sugar. Fructose Also known as levulose, this fruit sugar is present in many fruits together with glucose. Maltose Maltose is also rarely found in a free state in plants, but is easily produced from starch through the activity of the enzyme diastase.

Honey Flowers that are attractive, such as roses, hibiscus, etc. Sources of Commercial Starch Relatively few plants are used for the commercial production of starch. Cornstarch Maize or Indian corn is the source of over 80 percent of the starch that is made in the United States.

Potato Starch Cull potatoes are utilized for making starch. Wheat Starch The oldest commercial sources of starch were from wheat. Rice Starch Rice grains that are broken or imperfect are used for making rice starch. Cassava Starch Cassava flour and tapioca are used in industry mainly as sizing materials and as the source of certain starch products. Arrowroot Starch The tubers of several tropical plants provide a source for arrowroot starch.

Starch Products Soluble Starch Starch grains are insoluble in cold water but they readily swell in hot water until they burst to form a thin, almost clear solution or paste.

Dextrin When starch is heated or treated with dilute acids or enzymes it becomes converted into a tasteless, white, amorphous solid known as dextrin or British Gum. Glucose When starch is treated with dilute acids for a long time it becomes more completely hydrolyzed and is converted into glucose sugar.

Industrial Alcohol Starch is the source of an enormous quantity of industrial alcohol. Nitrostarch Starch and cellulose are chemically very similar products. Cellulose Products The most complex of the carbohydrates, cellulose is present in the cell walls of all plants. Paper and Paper Industry A very important use of cellulose is in the manufacture of paper, a very old industry.

Raw Materials The papermaking value of the various fibers depends on the amount, nature, softness and pliability of the cellulose present in the cell walls.

Wood Fibers Wood began being used in the paper industry from about Cotton and Linen Up to the middle of the 19th Century rags of cotton and linen were the only source of paper, and they are still used for making the finest grades. Textile Fibers There are other textile fibers other than cotton and flax that have been used as sources for paper. Paper Mulberry The bast fibers of the paper mulberry are very strong and have been used in Japan for paper lanterns and umbrellas and as paper for writing.

Paper Sources There are many other sources for making paper than what has been noted previously. Synthetic Fibers From Plant Products Hill wrote that since the Middle Ages until modern time there have been many schemes to make artificial silk and other fabrics.

Type of chain. They are coiled and unbranched amylose or long, branched amylopectin. These are long, straight, unbranched chains forming H-bonds with the adjacent chains. Solubility in water. Amylose is soluble in water, and amylopectin is insoluble in water. Grain form. Fibres form.

Found in. It is found in plants. Glucose unit linkages. Molar mass. The molar starch mass varies. Parameter Starch Cellulose Background This word was derived from German language and it means strength, or to stiffen something. It was discovered in from the plant matter and was used to produce thermoplastic for the first time Glucose Range Uses about glucose molecules to form one starch molecule Takes up glucose molecules to form one starch molecule.

Bonding Hydrogen bonding None Role To store energy in the form of carbohydrates To form a specific structure of plants Type of chain They are coiled and unbranched amylose or long, branched amylopectin These are long, straight, unbranched chains forming H-bonds with the adjacent chains Solubility in water Amylose is soluble in water, and amylopectin is insoluble in water.

Plant nutrition. Plant responses and hormones. Products of plants. Respiration in plants. Transport in plants. Plant disease. Maths and computer modelling. Energy stores and transfers. Motions and forces. Physical changes. Particulate nature of matter. Atoms, molecules and ions. Elements, compounds and mixtures.